应用文 (Practical Writing)写作

(一) 定义

应用文是人们用来处理日常生活、工作和学习的一种简易通俗的文章。

(二) 种类

应用文的种类很多，包括公文、书信、公约、批示以及单据等。由于篇幅有限，本文仅根据六级考试的实际需要，重点介绍以下几种常见的应用文——书信、便条、通知、海报和英文摘要的写作方法。

1. 书信

英文书信的种类，大致分为社交信（Social Letters），家信（Family Letters），及商业信（Business Letters）三种。
一封英文书信主要由九个部分组成：
(1) 信头(Heading）：信头，即信端，是指写信人的地址和写信日期。信头写在信笺的右上角，一般可以从信纸中间或稍右的地方写起，先写寄信人地址，后写日期。英文地址的写法也与中文习惯不同。中文地址的书写次序是国→省→市→街→门牌号码，而英文的写法则恰恰相反。比较：
中文写法

中国 福建省厦门市，361021
集美大学606信箱

英文写法

P.O. Box 606
Jimei University
Xiamen, 361021
Fujian Province
P.R. China

中文书信的日期写于落款之后，而英文信函的日期位于信端之下，信内地址之上。根据英美不同的习惯，日期可有两种写法。如2003年5月20日可写作：

20 May 2003 （英式写法）
May 20, 2003, 或May 20th, 2003 （美式写法）

注意：月份应用英文写出，不以阿拉伯数字代替，因此，上例日期不可写成2003，5，20。此外，美式英语要求月份与年份之间用逗号隔开，但英式写法在月份与年份之间一般无逗号。
(2) 信内地址 (Inside Address)
信内地址是指收信人的姓名和地址，写在信笺的左上角，从左边略低于写信日期的一、二行处顶格写起。先写姓名、头衔和单位名称，后写地址，其排列次序和信头一样。假如不知收信人的姓名，可用其职务或机构名称代替，如：

Personnel Director（用职务）
Boots the Chemist Ltd.
16-18 Pulton Road
Chiswick
U.K.

Office of Admissions（用机构）
Fordham University
Rose Hill Campus
Bronx, New York 10486
U.S.A

(3) 称呼(Salutation)
称呼自成一行,从信纸的左边顶格写起。通用的称呼是“Dear…”，其后接逗号。
采用何种称呼应根据写信人与对方的关系及认识的亲疏程度。
① 一般性的称呼有：
Dear Mr. … ，（用于男士）
Dear Mrs. … ，（用于已婚妇女）
Dear Ms. … ，（用于女士，已婚未婚均可，尤用于对婚姻状况不确定者）
Dear Miss … ，（用于未婚女士）
“Mr.”，“Mrs.”，及“Ms.”之后可加缩约号“.”，也可不加；但“Miss”之后概不加标点。
“Dear”之后接收信人的姓氏，如“Dear Mr. Smith，”
注意：不写成：“Dear Mr. John，”
亦不写成：“Dear Mr. John Smith，”
习惯用法是：“Dear John，”或“Dear Mr. Smith，”
② 较正式、尊重的称呼也可采用头衔或职务，如“Dear Prof. Smith，”“Dear Dr. Smith，”等。
③ 在收信人为不知名者的公务信函中，称呼可用：
Dear Sirs，（当收信对方为单位/公司，而非某人时）
Dear Sir，（当收信对方为不认识的男士时）
Dear Sir/Madam，（当收信对方为性别不明的陌生人时）
Gentlemen，（只用复数形式，且之前不加“”，属美式英语用法）
④ 称呼偶尔也用“Messrs.”，表示收信人为两位或多位男士（如 Messrs. J. Smith & R. White）， 但在更常的情况下表示收信对方是以人名命名的公司。
⑤ 收信人为熟友，可直称其名，如：“Dear Mary，”，“ My dear John，”……等。
(4) 信的正文(Body of Letter)
正文是信的主体，一般由开场白—主体段—结束句/段组成。
在开场白中，应该直截了当的陈述写信的目的：是致谢？道歉？祝福？咨询？建议？批评？请求？……。这与中文书信的习惯不同。在中文信中，我们常用诸如“你好！”，“近况如何？”等客套话开头。在写英文信时，应避免受此影响。切记不要把最重要、最醒目的第一句或第一段浪费在诸如“How do you do？”，“How are you？”等无关紧要的词句上。
信的主体部分可根据需要，分段叙述。表达应做到准确、简要、得体。准确指的是内容（包括数字、人名等细节）准确无误；简要首先应避免使用老式八股套话（诸如“I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter.”等）；得体指的是表达符合英文习惯，措词与语气适合通信双方的亲疏关系。如公文信函做到语气礼貌但不谦卑，直接但不粗鲁，简洁但不唐突。
(5) 结束敬语(Complimentary Close)
结束敬语是写信人对收信人的一种谦称，最通常用的结束敬语是：
① Yours faithfully，（英式用法）
Faithfully yours，Truly yours,（美式用法）
（用于收信人为陌生人的正式公务信，对应于称呼用“Dear Sirs”，“Dear Sir”，“Dear Sir or Madam”，的正式信函。）
② Yours sincerely，（英式用法）
Sincerely yours，（美式用法）
（用于称呼为“Dear + 姓氏”的正式或非正式书信。）
结束敬语第一个词的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。
应该避免使用诸如“We remain yours faithfully”，“Respectfully yours”，等老式结束敬语。
(6) 签署(Signature)
签署是写信人自己的签名。署名不加头衔，即不在自己的名字前加“Miss”、“Mr.”、“Prof.”之类的头衔。若因业务需要，必须让对方了解自己的性别或职务，可在签名下行用括号标明，如：
Yours faithfully, Yours faithfully,
____________ 或 __________________

Leslie Archer (Ms.) Wang Wei
(Sales Manager) (Managing Director)
即使是打印的正式信函，签名也应用手写，之后再于手写的签署下面打印姓名。
代表某人签名应该在自己的签署下行写下所代表的人名，之前加“pp.”（即拉丁语per pro的缩略形式，表示“for and on behalf of”），如：
Yours faithfully,
----------------
Sophie Lee
pp. Bob Taylor
(The Managing Director)
（即代表总经理签名之意）
(7) 附件(Enclosure)
如果信中已说明有附件随信寄去，也要在信笺的左下角注明，便于收信人查阅。如果附件不止一个，应写上几个附件和是什么附件。附件英文可缩写为Encl.，Enc，或Encls。例如：
Encl: Doctor’s Certificate
(附：医生证明一张)
Encls（或Enclosures）：4 Invoices
(附：发票四张)
(8) 再启(Postscript)
再启也叫附言，用来补叙信中遗漏的话，因此除非确实需要，最好不用。特别是郑重的信函更应避免使用。一定得用时将此项写在署名下一、二行，信纸的左边。先写PS.（Postscript的缩写）然后写出想讲的话。
(9) 信封写法(Superscription)
英文的信封的写法同汉语信封的写法有些不同。首先要注意的是英文信封的收信人地址和寄信人地址的位置。一般情况要把寄信人的姓名、地址写在信封的左上角。写法是第一行写姓名，以下各行写地址。地址由小到大，地址要占几行须视其长短而定。寄信人姓名前不加头衔。使用背面开口的信封也可以把寄信人姓名地址写在背面。
收信人姓名、地址一般从信封中央或偏右一点写起。姓名独占一行。收信人姓名前一般要冠以头衔或学位。如果收信人没有头衔或学位，通常在姓名前写上Mr., Mrs.或Miss等以表示对收信人的尊敬和礼貌。地址的排列次序、写法应与信内收信人地址完全一致，也要从小到大写。如果是寄往国外的信需要在寄信人地址下面和收信人地址下面加上所在国名和寄往国名即可。
也有在寄信人姓名前写上“From…”表示“寄自……”的意思。在收信人姓名前写上“To…”表示“给……”的意思。
英文信封的书写形式也有并列式和斜列式两种。用什么格式应与信笺中收信人姓名、地址的格式一致。但目前采用并列式的较多见。请看下面例子。
① 并列式
Huang Rong
123 Zhongshan Rd
Siming District, Xiamen
Fujian China 361001

Ms. Helen Smith
Rm. 1023 Blue Mansion
Broadway, CS 20852
U.S.A.

② 斜列式
Liu Yan
English Dept.
Jimei Uni.
Xiamen, Fujian
China 361021
Ms. Helen Smith
Rm. 1023 Blue Mansion
Broadway, CS 20852
U.S.A.

上面谈了英文书信的各个组成部分。下面将各部分合起来列一简表给大家一整体的概念。

HEADING
（信端）
DATE
（日期）
INSIDE ADDRESS
（信内地址）
……………………
……………………
SALUTATION
（称呼）

BODY OF LETTER
（信的正文）
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING
（结束敬语）

SIGNATURE
（签署）

ENCL(S):（附件）
(or P.S.)（或附言）

(10) 范文评析
① 商业信件 (Business Letter)
Sample 1

Yan An
P.O. Box 678
Beijing University
Beijing China 100082
May 11th, 2003-07-23

Sales Dept.
P&G Ltd.
876 Hood Ave.
N.J. 98761
U.S.A.

Dear Ms. Smith,

Your newest product, the electronic ballast, seems quite promising. We are sure that it would be widely accepted here at Beijing.

If you have interest in this market, we will be very pleased to be the selling agent. Would you please reply and make an appointment? We would be grateful if you provide the opportunity of discussing this.

Yours sincerely,

(signature)

Lewis Carden

Sample 2
Can An
P.O. Box 678
Beijing University
Beijing China 100082
18th April, 2000
Sales Dept.
P&G Ltd.
231 Hood Ave.
N.J. 98761
U.S.A.

Dear Mr. Cuba:
The ordered goods (subject: order No. NC001 of Jan. 19th) arrived on Feb. 12th in good condition.
But we regret to inform you that they should have reached us by the end of last month. Owing to this delay, we suffered a considerable loss of business.
An explanation of this delay will be appreciated, and we would like you to confirm the delivery date for future orders.

Yours sincerely,
(signature)

Lewis Carden
② 私人信件 (Private Letter)
Sample 1
Mailbox 3-21
Beijing University
Beijing, China
10 June, 2003
176 River Road
New York,

Dear Miss Windy,

Your letter of June, 2 reached me this morning as a pleasant surprise, I had been missing you at the time, my dear teacher. Glad to know that you are planning to come to China for a private visit in your holiday. I eagerly look forward to seeing you as soon as possible.

I have been in Beijing for about 2 years. Since I came to China. Before I began my study in Beijing University, I had to finish a remedial Chinese Class in a middle school. Now I’m studying in Beijing University, this term, I take four courses: Chinese selections, Chinese history, Logic and International laws. They are all interesting and beneficial.

All present, I’m living with a Chinese girl of my age, who is majoring in English, We get along well with each other, and help each other. She helps me with my Chinese and tells me something about Chinese customs and habits. In return, I have offered to improve her English.

During my holidays, I have visited every corner of Beijing. Beijing is an ancient and world-famous cultural city. Especially, the Great Wall is a wonder not only in China but also in the world. It looks like a great dragon lying in the north of China, now I have really known why the Chinese people call themselves the dragon’s off springs.

It is my wish that I will serve as your guide when you come here on a tour in the coming holiday.
Love to your family.

Yours gratefully
Tean

Sample 2

20 Brown Street
London. N.E. 16
Great Britain
Feb. 5, 2003

Dear Miss Helen

I got your letter of January 20 this morning. I was very glad because I had been missing you all the time, dear teacher. Pleased to know that you are coming to London for a private visit this summer I eagerly look forward to seeing you as soon as possible.

This term I take five courses: Chinese, English, mathematics, physics and history. They are all very interesting and have benefited me greatly. I like them very much. I will study harder to make greater progress.

Last three Sundays I went to see some interesting parts of this ancient and world-famous cultural city. It is my wish that I will serve as your guide when you come here on a tour in the coming summer vacation.
Are you still teaching the graduate class now? What English textbook are you using this year? I will never forget your English classes, which were so lively interesting, and helped me immensely.

Love to your family

Yours gratefully
Joana

③ 其它信件 (Other Letters)
下面介绍的其他信件实例可以属于事务性信件范畴，有些也可以属于私人性信件，这主要看信件内容和写信人与收信人的关系。下面是日常生活中常用的几种专用信件实例。
A. 推荐信 (Letter of Recommendation)
Sample 1

P.O. Box 3567
Nanjing University
P.R. China

30 August 2003
Professor Ellis Browning
Department of English Literature
University of Cambridge

Dear Prof. Browning,

I have the pleasure of introducing to you Ms Hong Feng, the bearer of this letter, who is a former student of mine in Nanjing University.

Ms Hong was a top student in our department, where she spent four years for her first degree in Modern English Language Studies, followed by three years of graduate study in the 20th Century English Novels. She has special in demonstration of her gift and creativity. She has now been accepted by Cambridge where she will spend 3 years working on her doctoral degree.

Ms Hong has always been a delight to teach. In addition to her academic talent, she is pleasant, amiable and understanding. I have no doubt that you will enjoy being her teacher as well as her friend.

I should be very much obliged if you can help her settle in and also give her necessary guidance in regard to her course work.

Yours sincerely,

Fan Wen

Sample 2

Xiaxin Foreign Trade Co. Ltd.
23 Nanhua Road, Xiamen

5 May 1998

To whom it may concern,

This is to introduce Mr. Chen Taiping, the bearer of this letter, who is the Marketing Manager of our Company.

Mr. Chen Taiping has been assigned to do a marking research around the Country. We should esteem it a great favour if you would afford him the necessary information.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ling
General Manager

B. 感谢信 (Letter of Expressing Gratitude)

June 12, 2003

Dear Dr. Smith,

I would like to thank you for allowing me to observe classes as a visiting scholar from China in your nice department with so many talented and productive professors. My one year stay in your country will come to an end, and I’m very happy to say that I’ve enjoyed my time here. I really like your department and your faculty and staff members who are so kind, helpful, and pleasant to get acquainted with, to learn from, and to cooperate with. Your university is an ideal one to visit, to learn from and to do research in.

During my one year stay here, I have studied several courses offered by your professors from whom I have learned a lot from their excellent class instruction. I feel I should say much more, but the language fails me at this point. Your department and your colleagues have given me a host of opportunities, so much pleasure, and good friends, and countless precious memories for which I am truly grateful.
Thank you a million times for the good that you and your friends have done for me. I will always remember you and your friendship. May health, happiness, and progress be yours.

Yours sincerely,
Wang Xin

C. 祝贺信 (Letter of Congratulation)
CHINA SOUTHWEST AIRLINES (CSWA)
Xiamen Office

Address: Wenbin Villa, 68 Mid-Hubin Road, Xiamen
Tel: 9008000 Fax: 606494
6 December 1994

Lucas TAECO Aerospace (Xiamen) Co. Ltd.
20 Diliao Road, Gaoqi International Airport
Xiamen, 3610006

Dear Sirs,

Please accept our most sincere congratulations on the new joint venture you have recently established in Xiamen.

The British Lucas Aerospace corporation is a well-known international enterprise with an excellent reputation worldwide. We believe that the establishment of the Xiamen Lucas, following Lucas-Sydney and Lucas-Singapore, will inevitably make a tremendous contribution to the development of the aviation industry in Xiamen. May we have friendly cooperation in the future!

Wishing you continuous success with the joint venture!

Yours sincerely,

Lin Chun
Manager

D. 邀请信 (Letter of Invitation)
19th Oct., 1999

Dear Susan,
I hope that you and your husband haven’t any plan for the weekend on Oct. 28th, as we would like you to spend it with us at our home in the countryside.
I am sure your husband can find some real fish here in the river, for it’s the best season for fishing. So bring your fishing clothes. And also bring your golf club, as we can also play golf here for there is a world-class golf court near.
We hope that nothing will prevent you from coming, as we’re looking forward to your visit. Be sure to let us know what train you are to take so that we can meet you at the station.

Cordially yours,

Kitty White

E. 申请信 (Letter of Application)

Harbin Electric Motors Factory
412 Qianjin Road
Harbin, Heilongjiang
The People’s Republic of China
March 22, 1998
Mr. Herbert E. Beck, Jr.
General Manager
Standard Motors Corporation
4528 Southland Ave.
Chatanooga, Tennessee 47115
U. S. A.

Dear Mr. Beck,

The reputation and growth of Standard Motors Corporation ahs led me to write this letter. I’m interested in a management trainee position in your corporation.

Currently, I’m the assistant director of Harbin Electric Motors Factory in charge of testing and quality control. I have been granted a leave of one year to learn the advanced managerial skills and develop business contacts in the United States.

As a trainee, I do not require a salary, but would appreciate if your can provide me with a stipend enough to support myself during the year. The Chinese government will pay all my travel expenses.
In the past two years, I have read much about your corporation and its excellent management. To join you and work with you would be a great opportunity for me. Enclosed please find my resume and two letters of recommendation. If further information is needed, please let me know.

Thank you very much for your consideration.

Sincerely,
Wu Shunxiang

2. 便条 (Note)

便条是书信的一种形式，但比普通书信格式简单，内容简短，大多是临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等，往往只用一两句话。英文便条一般包括：日期、称呼、正文、署名等项。便条的日期写在右上角，一般只写星期几或星期几的上、下午，写上几月几日也很常见，不必写出年份（因为要办的事大多在当日或近日）。正文尽量通俗，简明扼要，把事情说清楚就行。署名一般写上留言人的姓名即可，有时需要写上与收条人的关系等。与书信不同的是便条一般不邮寄，多用于熟悉的同事、朋友之间，往往是托人转交或者在某地的临时留言，也有写在公共场所的留言板上或者留言薄上。
（1） 请假条 (Asking for Sick Leave)
June 4, 2003

Dear Mr. Liu,
I am awfully sorry to tell you that I can’t come to attend your class in the coming days because of a bad cold. The doctor said I must keep the bed. It may be a few days before I am able to resume my studies.
I enclose doctor’s certificate and ask you for sick leave of three days.
As regards the lessons to be missed during my absence. I will do my best to make them up as soon as I get back from leave.

Yours respectfully
Li Ming

（2） 留言 (Leaving a Message)
Oct. 10, 2003

Dear Robert,
I came to your apartment at 10:30 this morning only to find that you were out. I intended to have a discussion with you about the timetable arrangement of your oral English classes. Would you please give me a phone call to my office when you come back? I’ll be waiting for your phone call from 3:30 to 4:30 in my office this afternoon. Sorry to disturb you. I am leaving this note with Jack and asking him to convey it to you.

Lin Xing

（3） 感谢条 (Note of Thanks)
Sept. 18
Dear Rong Rong,
Thank you very much for the admission card for the exhibition you sent me. I have really learnt a lot form it.
Yours ever,
Hong Hong

（4） 借条 (Note of Borrowing)
15 March
Dear Wang Hong,
I wonder if you can lend me your English dictionary because I’m translating an article and must consult it now and then. I would take it carefully, and see that no damage is done to it.
With many thanks form
Yours ever
Li Ming
（5） 请求(Note of Requiring)
10 June
The housing section,
A great gale raged last night, causing much damage to our classroom, quite a few windows were broken. What’s more, the blackboard needs repairing, several lights can’t work. All the inconvenient conditions affect our teaching and study.
Trusting to be favored with your prompt attention to this matter.

Yours sincerely
Li Ming
of Class 2 Grade 3

3. 通知 (Notice)

通知是上级对下级组织成员布置工作、传达事情或召开会议等所使用的一种应用文。一般布告形式的通知都在正文上面正中的地方写上NOTICE或Notice一词作为标志。通常将发出通知单位的名称写在正文的前面，也可以写在正文的右下角，日期一般写在左下角。发通知的单位和被通知的对象一般都用第三人称。如果正文前用了称呼语，则应用第二人称来代表被通知的对象。通常讲，通知中要写清通知对象、通知的事情、以及时间、地点等。
Sample 1
The University League Committee
Notice
All the League members of the university are requested to meet in the university Hall on Saturday, May, 3 at 2:00 p.m. to discuss about the commemorative activities of the May 4th Movement.
May 2, 2003

Sample 2
NOTICE

Next 4 days being the 90th anniversary of our university, there will be no school. All teacher, staff members and students are expected to take part in the celebrations to be held in our university. Class will be resumed as usual on 17 Sept.
The president’s office
Jimei University
Sept. 12, 2003

 

4. 海报 (Poster)

海报是一种带有宣传广告性质的招贴，通常用来告知与广大群众有关的娱乐动态和消息等，比如电影消息、球讯、电视节目、舞会等等。海报的时间性很强，要求在一定的范围内传播。海报往往将内容作为显眼的大标题。海报的内容则介绍有关具体的活动时间、内容、地点及参加的办法、主持或举办单位等。其书写形式不定，可分项写也可以按行排列，主要以能引人注意并有吸引力为目的。在右下角写出海报的单位名称，日期写在单位署名的下一行靠左下角。
Sample 1
This Week’s Film
Name: Waterloo Bridge
Time: 7:00 p.m. Sunday, May 20
Place: The Auditorium
Fare: 5 yuan
Ticket Office: The auditorium
The Teachers’ Union
Monday May,14

Sample 2
English Speaking Contest

An annual English Speaking Contest will be held on Saturday next week under the auspices of the students’ Union of English Department. Each class should have a class wide contest within this week to select no more than 5 contestants to take part in the Department Contest. The first five winners will be given awards as an encouragement. Eight teachers have been invited to work as judges. All are welcome to be present at the contest.
The Students’ Union of
English Department
Sunday May, 20

5. 摘要 (Summary)

将一篇文章或一本书的要点摘录编写成的短文就是摘要。
（1） 写摘要要注意以下几个方面：
① 重点突出
摘要是原文主要观点的提炼，因此，应该抓住下列几个方面：文章主题句（thesis statement），段落主题句（topic sentence），重要人物，重要细节和结论等。
② 语言简洁
摘要最重要的语言特点是简洁明了，通俗易懂。摘要的长度视文章的长度和要求而定，考生可以借助于分词段语、介词段语、同位语、定语从句去浓缩文章。用词一定要认真推敲，不用冗言赘语。
③ 意义完整，表达清楚
一篇好的摘要，在思想表达、句子结构方面应该清楚严密。不能简单地罗列文章的要点而应该在句与句之间加进连接词语，如：although, while, in conclusion等等，使得摘要成为一个有机体。
④ 忠实原文，客观再现
摘要写作，注意不要加入缩写者的任何观点，也不要把原文变成自己的语言，要忠实于原文，按原文的次序排列内容，切不可随心所欲改变原文先后次序，要客观地再现原文的主要论点和事实。
（2）写好摘要要按以下步骤去做：
① 阅读全文
首先把原文从头到尾仔细地看一遍，找出文章主题句以及段落主题句，全面正确地理解全文以及作者的意图。在重要的句子下面划线。不要在解释和例子下面划线，因为这些细节应删掉。
② 概述重点
重读一下划线的内容，去掉一些多余的词。然后用自己的语言把划线的内容组织起来。如果要用原文的句子或短语，就应把它们放在引号里。
③ 整理修改
语句要通顺，不要把介词、冠词省掉。句子要衔接，要注意过渡词的运用。可以用阿拉伯数字来代替英语单词，如用190来代替one hundred and ninety，但在句子开头却不行。
④ 对照原文
初稿完毕后，应对照原文，看看是否保持了原文的体裁，是否包括了原文的主要内容，逻辑是否严密，语法是否正确，拼写有无错误。
最后数数缩写的字数，注意不要超过规定的字数。
下面让我们看看如何把这些要求和步骤运用到具体的缩写过程中。
首先阅读全文，划出重点内容。

BRIGHTER PROSPECTS FOR WOMEN IN ENGINEERING

One of the major deterrents to women considering engineering as a career is the all-male image. This barrier is rapidly disappearing as the engineering image changes from that of a hard-hat roustabout at a construction site to that of a thoughtful, logical individual who is genuinely interested in solving the engineering and social problems that face us today. True, she may still show up at a construction site in her hard hat, but her time is more apt to be spent at a desk working on new solutions. A female engineer – unlikely ? Not quite.

Combine as key sentence (thesis).

Delete example.

Although women make up an unimpressive 1 percent of the engineering population, their ranks have been growing. The latest Society of women Engineers survey of schools accredited by the Engineering Council for Professional Development shows that female engineering enrollment increased from 1,035 during 1959-60 to 3,905 during the 1972-73 school year. This increase may not be as large as it appears on the surface. Only 128 schools replied to the 1959-60 survey. But with the advent of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and, more recently, the implementation of the federal affirmative action program, as well as an increased awareness on the part of the schools, 201 responded last year. However, since the number of female engineering students per school has increased, even as the number of males enrolled at these schools has decreased, there is little doubt that the percentage of women enrolled in engineering undergraduate programs is growing.
Include significant statistic.

Delete data of questionable accuracy.

Include significant finding.

Delete explanation repeating above finding.

What happens when the newly minted female engineer tries to enter the field? Initially, she is sought after by almost every employer in sight. Once she is on the job, however, things change. On the average, promotions do not come as rapidly for women as they do for men.

Include significant finding.

Discrimination can be a double-edged sword, however, for unlike her male counterpart, the female engineer is highly visible, and if she does an outstanding job, she may very well be rewarded faster than a man would be. If her performance is average or slightly below average, she may be judged
Delete author’s personal comment.

Include significant finding.

in terms of a number of myths. Perhaps chief among them is the notion that men (and women) don’t like to work for women. In my personal experience, I have found that people who enjoy their work get it done without any thought to whether their supervisor is a man or a woman.

Delete author’s personal comment.

Some echoes of other misconceptions about women are still heard among engineers, and undoubtedly contribute to the lag in promoting women to top management ranks. Examples of these myths are: (a) a company’s public image will suffer if a woman takes over a top management position, because men have traditionally been the corporate leader; (b) a woman won’t travel on sales trips, to plant inspections, to professional conferences ans so forth; (c) women don’t want to accept responsibility; (d) a woman’s family will always take precedence over her career. (Once must ask, why shouldn’t it take precedence over a man’s as well?)

Include factual interpretation and continuation of above finding.

Delete rhetorical question.

It has also been argued that promotion policies don’t favor women because companies prefer long tenure for those elevated to executive positions, and they believe that turnover rates are greater for women. But, not only do government figures show that professional women have working careers comparable in length to those of men, it is also clear that promotions generally accrue to men regardless of age and experience. Over 20 percent of all male engineers are in management, as opposed to an estimated 3 percent of female engineers.

Include continuation of finding.

Include significant finding.

Delete statistics of questionable accuracy.

接下来，可以使用从句、不定式、分词等各种形式，重新组织划线的内容，使之成为一篇语法正确，语句通顺，意义连贯的文章。

The all-male image has deterred women from engineering careers. This image of a hard-hat worker is giving way to that of a thoughtful individual working on today’s engineering and social problems. Women comprise only 1 percent of the engineering populations, but their ranks are growing. Female engineering students have increased in number while males have decreased. The new female engineer easily finds work but is not rapidly promoted. Because of high visibility, she may be promoted faster than a man if her performance is outstanding. If performance is average or below, she may be judged in terms of several myths: that people don’t like to work for a woman; that a woman in top management harms a company’s public image; that a woman won’t ravel on business; that women won’t accept responsibility; that her family takes precedence over her career; and that turnover rates are higher for women. But careers of professional women are so long as those of men. Men usually receive the promotions, regardless of age of experience.
然后，对上面的缩写进行修改，把简单句变成复合句，加上一些连接词，这样内容更紧凑，语句更通顺。
The all-male, hard-hat image, which has deterred women from engineering, is changing to that of a thoughtful individual working on today’s engineering and social problems. Although women comprise only 1 percent of engineers, their growing ranks are evidenced by an increase in female engineering students, contrasted with a decrease in male students. The graduating female easily finds work but no rapid promotion unless her performance is outstanding. An average or below- average performance many be judged in terms of several myths: that people dislike working for women; that a woman in top management harms a company’s image; that she won’t travel or accept responsibility; that her family takes precedence over her career; and that female turnover rates are higher. In fact, women’s professional careers are as long as men’s, but men usually receive the promotions.
最后，我们还可以把文章进一步浓缩，把相关的内容、观点连起来，但基本内容没有漏掉。
The all-male image of engineering is changing, and although women comprise only 1 percent of engineers, their ranks are growing. Female students are increasing while male decrease. Although female graduates easily find work, only the outstanding are rapidly promoted, with average or lower performance often judged according to conventional myths about women in “male” professions.
上面一篇缩写文章已完成。如果把缩写文章进一步概括，就成了文章的摘要（abstract）。
The changing status of women in engineering is examined in terms of women’s population increase, job opportunities, and promotions.

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I. 用于文章主题句 　　
1. 不用说?… 　　It goes without saying that子句 　　
                          =(It is) needless to say (that)子句 　　
                          =It is obvious that子句 　　
                          =Obviously, S. + V. 　　
         例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 　　
               It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 　　
2. …是不可能的; 无法… 　　There is no Ving 　　
                                           =There is no way of Ving. 　　
                                           =There is no possibility of Ving. 　　
                                           =It is impossible to V. 　　
                                           =It is out of the question to V. 　　
                                           =No one can V. 　　
                                           =We cannot V. 　　
          例︰不可否认的?成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 　　
                 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 　　
3. 我深信… 　　I am greatly convinced (that)子句 　　
                     =I am greatly assured (that)子句 　　
          例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 　　
                 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 　　
4. 在各种…之中?… 　　Among various kinds of …, … 　　
                                 =Of all the …, … 　　
           例︰在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 　　
                  Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 　　
5. …是很容易证明的。 　　It can be easily proved (that)子句 　　
           例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 　　
                  It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 　　
6. …无论如何强调都不为过 　　… cannot be overemphasized 　　
          例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 　　
                 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 　　
7. 就我的看法?…；我认为… 　　In my opinion, … 　　
                                              =To my mind, …. 　　
                                              =As far as I am concerned, … 　　
                                              =I am of the opinion that子句 　　
          例︰就我的看法?打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 　　
               In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 　　8. (A) 每个人都知道… 　　Everyone knows (that)子句 　　
    (B) 就我所知?… 　　As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 　　
         例︰就我所知?下列方法对我帮助很大。 　　
                As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me. 　　
9. 毫无疑问地?… 　　There is no doubt (that)子句 　　
         例︰毫无疑问地?近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。 　　
           There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 　　
10. 根据我个人经验?… 　　According to my personal experience, … 　　
                                       =Based on my personal experience, … 　　
        例︰根据我个人经验?微笑已带给我许多好处。 　　
               According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good. 　　
11. 在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。 　　
      Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than … 　　
        例︰在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。 　　
               Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher. 　　
12. 在我的求学过程中?我忘不了… 　　In the course of my schooling. I will never forget … 　　
       例︰在我的求学过程中?我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。 　　
               In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English. 　　
13. (A) 随着人口的增加?… With the increase/growth of the population, … 　　
      (B) 随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 　　
       例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展?许多社会问题产生了。 　　
         With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass. 　　14. (A) 在这信息的年代?…扮演重要的角色。 　　
            In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role. 　　
      (B) 在今日工业社会中?…是生命不可或缺的。 　　
            In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life. 　　
            例︰在这信息的年代?计算机扮演非常重要的角色。 　　
         In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role. 　　15. 在讨论…?一个人不得不承认…。 　　In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句 　　
           例︰在讨论未来的职业?一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。 　　
                  In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible. 　　
16. 世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。 　　Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 　　
      例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。 　　
             Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants. 　　17. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V 　　
      … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V 　　
      … 是适当的 It is proper that S (should) V 　　
       … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S (should) V 　　
        例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。 　　
              It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean. 　　
18. 每当我听到…?我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited. 　　
      每当我做…? 我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad. 　　
      每当我想到…?我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous. 　　
      每当我遭遇…?我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened. 　　
      每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised. 　　
      例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪?我就忍不住感到悲伤。 　　
             Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad. 　　
         =Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad. 　　
19. 据说… It is said (that)子句 　　
      一般认为… It is thought (that)子句 　　
      大家都知道… It is known (that)子句 　　
      据报导… It is reported (that)子句 　　
      一般预料… It is expected (that)子句 　　
      一般估计… It is estimated (that)子句 　　
      一般相信… It is believed (that)子句 　　
       例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。 　　
              It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind. 　　
20. …的主要理由是… 　　The main reason why ….. is (that)子句 　　
       例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。 　　
     The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse. 　　21. 俗语说得好：「…」。 　　Well goes an old saying, "…" 　　
                                            =As an old saying goes(runs, says), "…" 　　
                                            =An old saying goes, "…" 　　
                                            =It's an old saying (that)子句 　　
      例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。 　　
             As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy." 　　
22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways. 　　
      (B) …有三个主要理由。 … for three major reasons. 　　
      (C) 要…?至少我们可做三件事。 To …, there are at least three things we can do. 　　
       例︰(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。 　　
                    I increase my confidence in the following ways. 　　
              (B) 人们学外语有三个理由。 　　
                    People learn a foreign language for three major reasons. 　　
              (C) 为了维护健康?我们每天至少可做三件事。 　　
                    To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day. 　　

II. 用于文章承转句 　　
23. 那就是(说)…；亦即… 　　That is to say, … 　　
                                          =That is, … 　　
                                           =Namely, … 　　
      例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说?早睡早起?戒除烟酒。 　　
             We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities. 　
24. (A) 基于这个理由?… For this reason, … 　　
      (B) 为了这个目的?… For this purpose, … 　　
       例︰基于这个理由?我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。 　　
              For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career. 　　
25. 我们有理由相信… 　　We have reasons to believe (that)子句 　　
      例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。 　　
             We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited. 　　
26. 事实上?… 　　As a matter of fact, … 　　
                         =In fact, … 　　
      例︰事实上?健康才是最重要。 　　
             As a matter of fact, it is health that counts. 　　
27. (A) 例如?… For example, … 　　
      (B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example. 　　
       例︰例如?我们盲目地提高生活水准?却降低生活品质。 　　
              For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life. 　　
28. 此外?我们不应忽视… 　　Besides (In addition), we should not neglect … 　　
      例︰此外?我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。 　　
             In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society. 　　
29. 相反地?… 　　on the contrary, … 　　
                            =by contrast, … 　　
      例︰相反地?少数学生似乎还在鬼混。 　　
             On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around. 　　
30. 另一方面?… 　　on the other hand, … 　　
      例︰政府应严格执法?另一方面?大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。 　　
             The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution. 　　
31. 然而?很可惜的是… 　　However, it is a pity that子句 　　
      例︰然而?很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。 　　
           However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour. 　　
32. 换言之?… 　　in other words, … 　　
                        =to put it differently 　　
      例︰换言之?我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。 　　
            In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal. 　　
33. 别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为… 　　
      It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句 　　
       例︰别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为… 　　
               It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end. 　　
34. 从此之后?我已发现… 　　Ever since then, I have found that子句 　　
      例︰从此之后?我已发现… 　　
      Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives. 　　35. 这样说来?假如...?当然毫无疑问地…。 　　In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句 　　
      例︰这样说来?假如我们能善用时间?当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。 　　
              In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere. 　　
36. 更严重的是?…。 　　What is more serious is (that)子句 　　
      例︰更严重的是?我们不珍惜野生动物。 　　
              What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife. 　　
37. 鉴于社会的实际需要?…。 　　In view of the practical need of society, …. 　　
      例︰鉴于社会的实际需要?愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。 　　
             In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English. 　　 　　

III. 用于文章结论句 　　
38. 如果能实践这三点?…。 　　If one can really put the three points into action (practice), … 　　
      例︰如果能实践这三点?…。 　　
             If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life. 　　
39. 做这些简单之事?我们一定可以…。 　　By doing these simple things, we surely can …. 　　
       例︰做这些简单之事?我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。 　　
              By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day. 　　
40. 如此?我相信…。 　　In this way, I believe (that)子句 　　
       例︰如此?我相信大家能够像我一样?享受乘坐公车的乐趣。 　　
              In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me. 　　
41. 实践这些?…。 　　By putting them (the above) into practice, …. 　　
      例︰实践这些?在智育方面我一直能不断进步。 　　
             By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education. 　　
42. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求?我们才能…。 　　Only by living up to the three requirements, can we …. 　　
      (B) 唯有通力合作?我们才能…。 　　Only with combined efforts, can we …. 　　
       例︰唯有通力合作?我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。 　　
        Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course. 　　
43. 最后?但并非最不重要?…。 　　Last but no least, …. 　　
      例︰最后?但并非最不重要?教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。 　　
       Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency. 　　
44. 这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 　　
      This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized. 　　
      例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 　　
             This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 　　
45. 由于这些理由?我…。 　　For these reasons, I …. 　　
       例︰由于这些理由?我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。 　　
              For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise. 　　
46. 总而言之?…。 　　In conclusion, … 　　
                               =To sum up, … 　　
      例︰总而言之?好国民应该遵守交通规则。 　　
             In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations. 　　
47. 因此?我们能下个结论?那就是…。 　　We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句 　　
      例︰因此?我们能下个结论?那就是世上自由罪珍贵。 　　
             We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world. 　　
48. 如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?…。 　　
       If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句 　　
      例︰如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?我们就能精通英语。 　　
             If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 　　
49. 因此?这就是…的原因。 　　Thus, this is the reason why …. 　　
      例︰因此?这就是我重感冒的原因。 　　
             Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold. 　　
50. 所以?我们应该了解…。 　　Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 　　
      例︰所以?我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。 　　
             Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary. 　　
51. 因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。 　　
       We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句 　　
     例︰因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。 　　
            We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty. 　　
52. 1. 从～观点来看?…。 From the ～ point of view, …. 　　
      2. 根据～的看法?…。 According to ～ point of view, …. 　　
          例︰从政治的观点来看?这是一个很复杂的问题。 　　
                 From the political point

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